Thursday, September 15, 2011


The most memorable day of my life when I am felicitated by my students (PGT) for geting the FELLOW of National Foundation of Clinical Forensic Medicine, awarded to me for my incision technique “Fourth Incision: The Cosmetic Autopsy Technique”.
Thank you students, thank you all.

Monday, September 12, 2011

Toxidromes



What is a toxidrome
       It is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others.
The cholinergic toxidrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Cholinergic SLUDGE
      Salivation
      Lacrimation
      Urination
      Diarrhoea
      GI cramps
      Emesis
      Wheezing
      Diaporesis
      Bronchorrhoea
      Bradycardia
      Miosis
      Carbamate
      Organophosphates
      Physostigmine
      Pilocarpine
      Atropine
      Pralidoxime for organophosphates



The anticholinergic toxidrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Anticholinergic
Hot as a hare
Dry as a bone
Red as a beet
Mad as a hatter
Blind as a bat
      Mydriasis
      Blurred vision
      Fever
•      Dry skin
•      Flushing
•      Ileus
•      Urinary retention
•      Tachycardia
•      Hypertension
•      Psychosis
•      Coma
•      Seizures
•      Myoclonus
•      Antihistamines
•      Atropine
•      Baclofen
•      Benztropine
•      Tricyclic
        antidepressants
•      Phenothiazines
•      Propantheline
•      Scopolamine  
• Physostigmine

 (do not use in cyclic antidepressant overdose as will worsen conduction disturbances)



Hallucinogenic Sympathomimetic toxidrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Hallucinogenic
      Disorientation
      Hallucinations
      Hyperactive Bowel
      Panic
      Seizure
      Tachycardia
      Hypertension
      Tachypnoea
      Amphetamine
      Cocaine
      Pseudoephedrine
      Phencyclidine
      Ephedrine  
      Benzodiazepines


Sedative/hypnotic toxidrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Sedative / hypnotic
      Stupor & coma
      Confusion
      Slurred speech
      Apnoea
      Anticonvulsants
      Antipsychotics
      Barbiturates
      Benzodiazepines
      Ethanol
      Meprobamate
      Opiates
      Naloxone
      Flumazenil
      Urinary alkanisation for Phenobarbital


Opiate toxidrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Narcotic
      Altered mental status
      Slow shallow breaths
      Meiosis
      Bradycardia
      Hypotension
      Hypothermia
      Decreased bowel sounds
   Dextromethorphan
   Opiates
   Pentazocine
   Propoxyphene
      Nalaoxone


Serotonergic syndrome
Syndrome
Signs &Symptoms
Poisons
Antidote
Serotonergic
   Irritability
   Hyperreflexia
   Flushing
   Diarrhoea
   Diaphoresis
   Fever
   Trismus
   Tremor
   Myoclonus
      Fluoxetine
      Meperidine
      Paroxetine
      Trazodone
      Clomipramine
      Benzodiazepine